Benefits Of Dried Mangoes

".... It is important to retain people in the countryside" (Valentin-Smith, 1858)

"Paying the Harvesters" (detail) by Leon Lhermitte (18844-1925), 1882.

Orsay Museum.

"The census of 1856 tells us that in fifty-four departments, by moving outside of department to department, there was in France during the five year period from 1851 to 1856, a decline in population of 370,000 people, which, campaigns have brought in the cities, including 305,000 in the department of Seine.

This census also tells us that in that same period, the effect of the displacements that have occurred in the departments themselves, joined the movement outside the cities of ten thousand inhabitants and over increased by 900,838 individuals, ie that the proportion of urban population to the detriment of the rural population rose 43% from 1850 to 1856 on the previous period; enormous increase that has never seen at any time, nor in our country, nor in any other country during such a short space of time.

Finally, the census of 1856 found a well marked slowdown in growth the general population of France, so that this increase was five times less strong in the period from 1851 to 1856, in the period from 1841 to 1846.

A quick word on the first downturn of the population in France. It probably comes, in part, during the period from 1851 to 1856, from accidental causes, particularly the high cost of food, that is to say the famine with which, according to a law highlighted by the statistical science , one sees always occur in parallel fewer births and more deaths. But the slowdown comes as a general cause that reveals Also statistics, namely: the reduction of the family, by reducing the number of children.

There are seventy years that we had in France, on average, 4.19 births per marriage, and now we do matters more than 3.19. Marital fertility in less than a century, has fallen by a quarter, a significant slowdown in the expansion of the population [...] We know [...] that, among the Romans, the weakening of the population, incessant preoccupation with their legislators, began to emerge soon as the patres familias preferred the theater and the circus Rome, stay in the campaign, which excited so strongly the complaints of Varro and Columella. And certainly, at the time of splendor in which these two authors wrote, it was far from thinking that one day Rome would fall, especially because the depopulation would leave the empire without defense against invading barbarians.

In antiquity as today, the weakening of the population came from the major centers, the need for luxury has already decreased the number of marriages and fertility in the wealthy classes, and the scarcity depopulated classes poor in abnormal proportions, as now, the invasion of cities from the countryside became a disturbing cause, which also profoundly altered the conditions of steady development of the population.

emigration campaigns that occurred in France during the period from 1851 to 1856, is a serious disorder in the economy and in the general conditions of society, a condition whose consequences could be fatal if it notifies them to bring a speedy remedy.

Without doubt, France is endowed with great energy of fertility, but yet we must not let it look too long to trends that could lead to weakening agricultural production by the weakening of the rural population. There are, for nations as for individuals, general laws dominate, and hence inevitably spell prosperity or ruin. It was often said agriculture is the strength of a state, the force behind the country, which gives robust soldiers for its defense. "Agriculture, said Louis Napoleon became a historical work, published in 1842, is the first element of the prosperity of a country because it is based on immutable interests, and it forms the healthy population, strong, moral campaigns (*)."

Thus, statistical science finds in the affluent neighborhoods of the capital, regular household does not provide enough children to replace the father and mother. For its part, medical science, as a result of observations made from 1825 to 1856 in one of the most populous in the 7th arrondissement, attests that "if the population of Paris was left to its own indigenous resources propagation, it would decrease rapidly and eventually die out within a relatively short space of time. " These are the words of Dr. Duparcque, in a work read by him to the Company's medical department of the Seine, at the meeting of October 5, 1856

These results are certainly not unique to the city of Paris, they are absolutely the same in all major cities, only with this difference, they appear rational proportion to the mass of the agglomerated population. "Everywhere in Europe," continues Mr. Passy, in the work we have already quoted, marriages are usually less fertile in major cities than in smaller and less in them than in the countryside. " [...] Since Mr. Passy was speaking, the decrease in the number of children per marriage in the compared with rural cities, has become much more noticeable now that it no longer counts as 3 by marriage, 19 births on average.

campaigns alone are therefore the great reservoir of the population, the population on which rests the future of a particular nation. [...] I must say, our institutions: the constitution of the family, our education system, etc.., Tend to retain some families in the countryside and it is perhaps more than you think, one of the causes that make since the end of last century, we drive constantly revolutions revolutions.

When the family is not strongly represented by the paternal power by inheritance laws, with some opportunities for conservation inherited property given in a wise measure, solidarity heritage disappearing, everyone tends to disperse. While individualism takes hold of the society to bring their appetites and desires, and leave these agitations which have their incessant food in major population centers, we can compress more or less long, but smoldering always in the depths of society.

Without doubt, we must protect the cities, because they are the focus of the lights and it should protect the industry, this wonderful work of physical and moral forces of man applied to production, we must protect it much, because it is, in modern states, one major elements of prosperity and power public. But do not go so far as protection become a primer that distracts people from agriculture. [...]

Nowadays, what favors are not lavished on the industry? Is it not for her and for itself, what created the railways if heavily subsidized by the state? that the ports have improved, large rivers channeled and maintained with public funds? [...]

Besides all that invites people to leave their rural homes, it is important to place as this can hold them. Otherwise, if the influx does not stop, could we not fear that one day society will suddenly found himself surprised and shaken up by the unknown out of improvident combinations.

That also favors are not granted to cities? At all these institutions public education and charitable grants shows, the pleasures of all kinds; to them millions for their beautification; luxury expenditure, spending wonderful, but after all the most unproductive expenditure, and part of which fell to the safety campaigns and the alleviation of their miseries, would be so fruitful for the earth and men.

By giving cities an abnormal development, you create people like that seem perpetually suspended over an abyss, because they are based only on capital much more fictional than real, constantly subjected to the whims luxury, opportunity and all the setbacks industrial or political difference to rural populations, which probably can be painfully affected by the inclemency of the seasons, but finally, for which the soil forms a capital, invariably and always refreshing that never leaves.

cities are just too attractive to the population we must divert the inhabitants of the countryside, rather than to invite, by disappointing attractions, an existence that often alters the conditions of moral life and physique.La proportion of marriages is lower, the lowest proportion of births and the ratio of illegitimate children to legitimate children in larger cities than in rural areas, and in Paris than in other cities.

In the cities, under the action of a léthifère misery, mortality is much higher and the average life, the criterion of civilization, although less than in the countryside. In Paris, a third of the population died in hospitals. The number of crimes and misdemeanors in urban populations occurs in a proportion that rises to almost double the crimes and offenses committed by rural populations, and finally sixteen crazy, campaigns do not have one and one suicide thirty.

is why it is important so hard to retain people in rural areas, through institutions that attach to the ground by an education system that prompts the work of farm life, instead of preventing, by d some useful incentives, by honors within agriculture, through combinations, without halting the development of new families based and rising through labor, which would stop the movement that families today, as we has so aptly said, is liquidating all twenty-five or thirty years as a business.

must not lose sight that there is a necessary link between the duration of family and duration of states that seem to find their most solid foundation and common in the countryside. If big cities are home to active civilization, they are also home to the revolutions that do turn around civilization and empires fall.

The desertion of the countryside, the excessive increase of cities immoderate luxury, corruption of morals, the weakening of paternal authority, provoked endless obstacles to the development of freedom, all these things, which imperceptibly and gradually walk together, prepared and brought the fall of Rome.

The example must not be lost. "

Valentin-Smith," Note on the danger of growing cities by the depopulation of the countryside and the need to devise means to prevent the migration of rural people (read the Academy of Sciences, Literature and Arts of Lyon, in the meeting of January 19, 1858), " Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, Literature and Arts of Lyon., vol. 6, 1858

________________
(*) Analysis of the sugar question . Paris, 1842,

Do People Speak English In Shanghai

"Photography is an art, or simply an industry?" (F. de Lasteyrie, 1858)

Alexandre Dumas in 1855, Nadar (1820-1910).

"Photography is an art, or simply an industry any material which is confined to a few chemical preparations more or less skillfully performed?

The issue is probably moot, as she already led to rather heated controversy. It goes without saying that artists in general do not want seen in the picture than a job unworthy of them, and photographers, however, vigorously pushing the humiliating label given to this wonderful invention, see it as a new art they place almost at the other.

As always happens in such cases, there is obviously exaggerated on both sides. But to choose between the prejudices of artists and photographers claim, we would be tempted, for us to take up the cudgels for them.

No, surely, photography is an art like any other. The invention lacks: it is not a creative art. This can not be the direct work and recognize the absolute hand of man, and it can not therefore claim to a share equal to the glory it deserves in the graphic arts themselves.

But it is not, let alone a job, because success depends not only on the performance of some chemical manipulations, and the result to be satisfactory, requires from Operator tact, an instinct for the picturesque, a delicacy of taste, intelligence of nature, an appreciation of effects of light and shadow, which, all together in a single person, are precisely what we call the feeling of art. It can be very talented photographer without knowing how to draw, but it certainly can not become if one is gifted with the artistic sense.

There is no longer a wall in Paris and the province, which is crowded with events daguerreotype offered to the curiosity of passersby. Therein lies the art. After eight days of lessons, just a little intelligent man happens to produce an image on her little plate or on the wax paper; innocent Industry which makes the sun accomplice willingly or unwillingly, errors of taste which I like to think he blushed under its rays.

But how many are those who, by the same chemical processes can reproduce nature in all its harmony, the monuments of art in all their power and brilliance? Those are counted and there are more, you can recognize, for each of them knows how to give their productions a personal touch, the obvious result of how he understands the nature. Here, for cons, the job disappears and art begins.

Already

photography has its classical and romantic; first pursuing the truth in the finite details and crisp lines, others love the clouds and play of light, and deliberately ignoring what they call minutes grasped the nature in its wider effects. Gradually the schools are formed and characterized, so now, the eye of an amateur so little exercised easily recognize the photographs of British and Italian ones are in France. All this we ask, is it not, to any extent, the fact of an art itself - art stripped I agree again, the creative faculties which are the most beautiful attribute of man's genius, but widely seen to reproductive faculties by which man appropriates to his will all external objects - art school, I admit, but which nevertheless deserves today, taking its place as a result of others?

Frequent meetings, permanent exhibition, readings of memoirs, lectures familiar, publishing a monthly newsletter, these are the ways that the French Photographic Society has implemented, and they were successful, if we judge by the results already obtained. Today the company counts among its members nearly all the photographers of some renown [...]. The contribution of its members as the first prize of the company, which is enriched further by the generous offerings of most of its members, who usually are willing to put his disposal a number of tests of their choice of productions more remarkable. Each year there is a sale. [...]

A [...] thing we hit in the last sale of the French society: it discernment, pure taste shown by the buying public. I need to say that large boards monumental MM. Baldus and Bisson were removed mostly at twice their market value? These eminent photographers were sent there as their work choices. Near them, the trials of Mr. de Noailles does not, however, paled. It is true that it had to cooperate to the African sun, with which he went to reproduce the wonderful Roman ruins buried in the Regency of Tunis. [...]

The scenery was abundantly represented in the sale. French and foreign, amateur and professional photographers, were loose in the arena, and the public seems to have greatly enjoyed their work. Among those who obtained the greatest success at auction, you must first cite the views of Switzerland, P. Perier, so fine, so bright, so harmonious, though spiritual in a word, the edges of rivers so calm and reflections so pure M. Aguado, effects of sea surprising if Mr. Legray; the magnificent views of Scotland by Mr. Fenton, the English photographer, with distant ethereal and diaphanous which he alone has the secret landscapes if Laughing, Mr. Pesme if true, those of MM. Mailand, Fortier, Fierlants and Davanne, and, above all, perhaps, the views of Mr. Holland Jeanrenaud, who seems to have inspired not only the nature he had to reproduce, but at the same time feeling The most exquisite of this great school of landscape which Holland was the cradle.

As for the figure, everyone was smiling at a friend or an acquaintance saluted flipping portraits so alive, so animated by Mr Nadar, the real Nadar, Nadar, whose signature the well-known covers alone an acre of wall space in Le Havre. What good, however many ads, when you sign for all respondents and for those smiling faces where nature is so well caught in the act? Look, right audience, recognize your friends: Janin here with his good humor and spiritual behold Dumas you smiled a little mockingly in Announcing to his imminent departure for a new voyage of discovery, and he, with his bonhomie Full of finesse which genius seeks in vain to conceal, have you not recognized Rossini? But amid the joyous circle, what is this austere figure whose features seem rather fiercely chiseled face a plaster cast an image borrowed from the rays of the day? Silent name. Success here has been lacking. M Nadar was too light for the hand of such subjects. He leaves his successful rival MG Legray care to reproduce the great figures of politics and male faces of our soldiers! "

Lasteyrie Ferdinand," The French Society of Photography, "
The Age, Friday, June 25, 1858.

Ski Clothes Best Colours

"Justice and selflessness ... presided over the deliberations of the allied monarchs (Metternich, 1821)

Triumphal entry of Austrian troops in Naples in 1821,

by Johann Lorenz Rugendas. Al. Brown Univ.

" Europe knows the reasons for resolution of the allied sovereigns to suppress the conspiracy and to end the unrest that threatened the existence of the general peace, whose recovery has caused so much effort and many sacrifices. Just when their generous commitment was fulfilled in the kingdom of Naples, a rebellion of a more heinous yet, if possible, broke out in Piedmont. The plan of subversion in general was this route combination against the rest of the nations. The conspirators of Piedmont had their assigned role, they hurried to complete it.

The throne and the State have been betrayed, violated the oaths, disregarded military honor, and forgetting all duties soon brought the scourge of all disorders. Everywhere evil presented the same character everywhere the same spirit led the disastrous revolutions.

Unable to find any plausible reason to justify or support for national support is in false doctrines that the perpetrators of these upheavals are seeking an apology and it is on the criminal organizations that they found a more criminally hope. For them, the empire is a salutary yoke of laws that must be broken. They forego feelings inspired by the true love of country, and putting in place of homework known, pretenses arbitrary and indefinite a universal change in the principles of the corporation, they prepare for disasters in the world without end.

allied sovereigns had known the dangers of the conspiracy to their full extent, but they had penetrated along the real weakness of the conspirators through the veil of appearances and declamations. Experience has confirmed their hunches. Resistance as the legitimate authority has encountered was zero, and the crime has disappeared before the sword of justice.

This is not to accidental causes, it is not even to men who have shown so little the day of battle, we must attribute the ease of such a success. It is a principle more comforting and more worthy of consideration.

Providence has struck terror as guilty consciences, and the disapproval of people, including artisans unrest had affected the lives, made them drop the weapons in hand.

only to combat and suppress the rebellion, the Allied forces, far from supporting any exclusive interest came to the rescue of subjugated peoples, and peoples have viewed the job as a support for their freedom, not as an attack against their independence. Therefore, the war ended; therefore, states that the war had affected have not been as friendly states for the powers that had never desired that their peace and well-being ...

justice and selflessness that have guided the deliberations of monarchs always settle their political allies. In the future, as in the past, it will always aim for conservation independence and rights of each state, as recognized and defined by existing treaties. The result also a very dangerous movement is still under the auspices of Providence, the stronger the enemies of peace that people seek to destroy, and consolidating a range of things that will break their nations and prosperity!

Imbued with these sentiments, the allied sovereigns, by setting an end to conferences Laibach, wanted to announce to the world the principles that guided them. They are determined never to depart, and all friends of good will and find constantly in their union warranty protection against attempts by disruptive. With this in mind that Their Imperial and Royal Majesties ordered their plenipotentiaries to sign and issue this statement.

Ljubljana, 12 May 1821.

METTERNICH Krusemarck, NESSELRODE,
Capodistrias, Pozzo di Borgo . "

Cited in Capefigue JB, The Congress of Vienna in its dealings with District current Europe, Paris, Comptoir des United Printers, 1847.

Mcculloch Chainsaw Oil Does Not Flow

" The revolution has shaken things [...] ... but men remained intact "(L. Marcillac, 1824)

The French expeditionary force in Spain in 1823.

Watercolor Original signed PO (1824). Al. Brown Univ.

"The results of the English Civil War exceeded all expectations by making prompt we get them. [...] The French armies have justified the confidence reposed their courage, their good discipline, as their loyalty. The writer is proud of having to draw beautiful pictures and to prove the absurdity of English patriots who threatened the French army of Forks Caudine .

From the principle of the insurrection on the island of Leon, I had sought, particularly by comments inserted in The Daily , to demonstrate the need to extinguish the outbreak of military insurrection so dangerous by example, who had turned in Spain. It took three years of experience to prove to Europe as the basis of the thrones of the civilized part of the world was, for the moment in Spain. [...] The system changed in 1822, with the ministry, and finally striking the reason of conviction of the royalist ministers, it was decided that they would issue a monarch whom the conspirators were trying to demean the dignity and sanctity. The solidarity of scepters was established in principle. The English war was regarded as European, necessary to save the company from disruption of the principles upon which the peace of nations and the stability of legitimate governments. He was regarded as essential to stop the progress of this ambition throne which had become the spirit and ambition of the century, when a fortunate soldier came to the empire by the glory of his soldiers. Since then, all legislation of the peoples and the rights of sovereign drifted a military movement, and finally in Spain, a few battalions insurgents at the tip of the peninsula are sufficient to change the laws of the monarchy of Charles V., and dictate to the heir of Philip V, king of Spain and India, the code by which he would rule over the descendants of the Cid and women of Sagunto.

France, just out of the chaos of revolution, had the honorable task of consolidating the monarchy, and was responsible for the destiny of Europe. She presented to an astonished world the state of finances than thirty years of dilapidation and extortion have been upset, and she entrusted the restoration of the moral state of the army who, some years earlier had fought for one who, knowing only passive obedience, as the first soldier, demoralized the people by forcing them to recognize that sovereign of men rejected the legitimacy.

Honor to you, wise king, whose insight has penetrated the heart of the French! You've read the word loyalty, and you have given to the glory of Marengo, Austerlitz, united to that of Conde and the Vendee, not only the crown of St. Louis, but that of all the sovereigns of the universe. Your confidence was not deceived, all the French have responded to the call of your heart and honor: the fraternal embrace was given on the battlefield, and had to witness and to guarantee his sincerity, the flag unsullied. [...]

An expeditionary walked directly to Cadiz, while other bodies covered the flanks of the main operation, and the provinces were issuing side with those that Prince [the Duke of Angoulême] crossed. Success has crowned this bold undertaking, calculated on the courage of the king's troops, and the dedication of the English people for their sovereign. Honor to the prince, whose plans are in harmony with the character of the French, who never sees the victory! Through Spain to attack by assault, the Trocadero, despite the views of a council of war, is a concept worthy of a descendant of the victor at Arques. [...]

... Spain was divided by two opinions, one royalist with absolute government, the other constitutional. The first opinion was that of all the inhabitants of the countryside and the clergy, the second was confined to the coast of the Mediterranean, particularly in Barcelona, to factories, and in which people living on the proceeds of their work, subject to the extent of trade, are sufficient to impose on the party saw its territorial revenues. Few inland cities shared the exasperation revolutionary. [...] Note that, wherever religious morality had influence, the people were devoted to the absolute legitimacy: that greed prevailed, had the vice anarchic empire. Comparing the two masses, one sees that the most important was the monarchy without alteration, and we shall be convinced that the English soil is conducive neither to complacency or concessions. The revolution is, as elsewhere, upset things, but the men stayed intact, and immutable principles. [...] "

Louis Marcillac History of the English Civil War in 1823:

campaign Catalonia, Paris, Le Clere, 1824.

Late Period Brown Mucus

" A worker would take the government "(H. Castilla, 1854)

Albert Alexander Martin (1815-1895), known as "Albert the Worker", farmer's son became a mechanic, he joined the July Monarchy under various ; secret societies, before founding with other workers newspaper L'Atelier . Daniel Stern (pseud. of Countess Marie d'Agoult) " the appointment of a or February at provisional government is an historical fact which must not ignore the meaning and character. It is a sign of emancipation, still blind, but now assured of the working class, it marks the time of passage of the political revolution to social revolution. " ( History of the Revolution of 1848 , vol. 1, 1851).

"The Tuileries taken, the king gone, Reform and The National felt the need for immediate reconciliation. There was no time to lose in vain quarrels. The House could recovering from his stupor. The people themselves would not wait long as we offered him a government. [...] The hatred ran high between these two newspapers. The competition authority does not seem likely to bring them feelings of reconciliation. From both sides had formed a committee at all times. For several hours, these two committees rivals recruited notables of their faction. In National stood MM. Emmanuel Arago, Marrast, Martin (Strasbourg), Sarrans, Dorn, Recurt, Vaulabelle, etc.. A Reform MM. Beaune, Snowflake, Gervais (Caen), Cahaignes, and twenty others discussed without reaching a conclusion. [...] On both sides, we compiled lists of provisional government. But if it were possible to meet a few illustrations that deserves a special and extra-political glory placed in a sort of neutrality, it was not so for others. We accept Mr. Lamartine as a poet, as an astronomer Arago, Dupont (de l'Eure) as an honest man and as an octogenarian. But Mr. Marrast would not hear of M. Ledru-Rollin. Mr. Flake was Mr. Garnier-Pages in horror, and M. Marie shuddered at the idea of sharing power with the Communist Louis Blanc. [...]

Failure brought to hear simply a sharing of power. It was a fatal conclusion inevitable. This resulted later in the provisional government of inhomogeneity, which became the Republic for the second source of many evils. The country is still bleeding and in tears will flow in a long time! [...]

We finally managed to agree on a list as follows: "Dupont (de l'Eure), Francois Arago, Ledru-Rollin, Snowflake, Marie, Armand Marrast, Cremieux, Garnier-Pagès Lamartine, Louis Blanc. " The latter immediately went to read the list of fighters in the crowd who thronged the courtyard. Hoarse cheers greeted him. Why do they applauded? Probably because applaud need is a mass, pruritus which expresses the palms of the hands of the man many once-self a man stands in front of him and speaks. This eclectic list certainly does not deserve the approval of the people. Science, talent and virtue were assembled. It lacked unity. The incompetence of this government would result powerless mixture of names so differently nuanced. It looked too much like a dismemberment of power ambitions side. We did not feel the person who had the nerve of a Cromwell or Robespierre, who had to absorb the individualities below and print the Government of the Republic a strong pulse.

fighters were pressed into the court may be a vague perception of what the prey sharing government because the thought of them assign their share came to mind. This required that one of them was promoted to the rank of future dictators. Reading the list was completed just a name flew from mouth to mouth "Albert" Albert! " we cried. When this name came into the hall of writing, where there were many workers, the cry of "Cheers Albert!" sounds and dedicated his appointment. One worker was take the government of a first nation in the world.

Mr. Albert was he one of those unknown geniuses that revolutions are suddenly out of the crowd? In any way. Mechanic, also belonging to a wealthy family, Mr. Albert was distinguished by any of those high and rare qualities that designate a man of government functions. His fame did not extend beyond the regions in which flowed his life. Long been affiliated with the secret societies, he had participated in the last days of the reign of Louis Philippe, at the direction of the Seasons. We hasten adding that Mr. Albert was respected by all because of the purity of his character, his bravery, his devotion to the republican cause. We need these noble qualities have been well with him so that no compelling secret agents who have infected the press has dared touch disgusting slander that simple and honest face.

Regrettably, the Democratic point of view, that Mr. Albert had not been gifted with eminent faculties. He would have given his appointment reaching it was not true. Considered in good faith, the appointment of Mr. Albert to the Provisional Government of the French Republic attests rather the power of secret societies, which will be determined from the people to govern themselves and to achieve a more rigorous, more accurate authority. The workers of the secret societies is a man outcast. It is becoming reality at work and he belongs in politics. The appointment of Mr. Albert, in court and in the offices of The Reformation by a crowd of men whom he had ordered in sections, has no meaning other than the tribute to a good leader by his soldiers. For this election had assumed the character of the men advanced party sought to give him he would have had, instead of Mr. Albert, see arise about worker well known, designated by the general acclamation of the legions of work, or rather a kind of public sentiment. There was none of that.

The appointment of Mr. Albert was therefore more like a compliment at the people, an act of the will of the people themselves. Let this be a sign significant in the history of a nation, although it is permissible to raise the importance, not without exaggeration, give it a character of social reform. After so many follies perpetrated in the sun, who has maintained democratic convictions, was ordered, on pain of eternal death, to file the last of his illusions. Mr. Albert also justified the reservations recorded history today by inaction and an absolute erasure. Paris wondered how long this was Albert, laborer, in which the humble artisan and thinker founded a secret hope. The craftsman said that the benefits of power went down in the form of generous laws, even in his humble abode. The thinker foresaw the dawn of a great evolution of the human mind, the last part of the classifications broken, the birth of a collective venture, what do I know? Virtue, merit staff, free from any interference and becoming the true, the only distinction between men. Some disciple of Emerson saw perhaps the dawn of the Government of heroes. The name of Mr. Albert was a great decoy. "

Hyppolite Castile History of the Second Republic in France ,
vol 1, Paris, Victor Lecou ed., 1854.

__________________

" ALBERT CITIZENS, WORKERS (without portfolio),

(This is a Mountaineer speaking to a Conservative.)

When I tell you that Albert is skilled worker
What art? How about a mid-air sardonic
What I do want to qualify.
Learn the art today is more than a job
We base a Republic
Where should prevail only talents, virtues,
And it is only in the shop,
Among these men bare arms, these Romans
That is, new Cincinnatus
Leaving the shop or leaving their cottages
To dethrone kings and punish tyrants
Or, if necessary, leaving the back rows,
Bayonets intelligent
Who do not need to age in the slow
To be as good leaders and intrepid warriors;
Then, returning to their humble homes, there are
their wives and daughters,
Spinning flax, smoothing their clothes coarse
And taking all their hot soup with lentils.
Ah! you think, rich bourgeois and corrupt
Modern Lucullus, Crassus, Apicius,
Braving the frugal Mountain Headquarters
great and noble hearts,
You think, what people skilled explorers
You always drink his sweat
Where you seem to find the bouquet Champagne,
Without ever you drink!
But the time has come to regenerate.
That in turn to do a little greasy.
Give him some space by paying his bill, forgetting
that bread alone is something stale, it
waited quite the fat boiled chicken
And never drinks to bumper.
Otherwise, the triangle steel
could soon resume its motion, regenerative machine

Who sleeps great since the end of last century
And eventually rust.
I hear the word is hard and makes you frown.
you saying the people obstruct justice?
When one builds a new one on an old building,
Should we not first demolish it?
It is the art of modern builders.
Hear them scream already with courage
Brothers, friends, let's get to work.
demolish, demolish. To rebuild after
, we lack an architect?
Well! Albert is here: suffice.
His strength is not at least suspect.
What need is there to study and mind,
To know even what he said?
When we know, the bare arms, if necessary, to the armpit,
Manier hammer, saw or trowel,
What Conservative insolent
Regretting the monarchical state, although it
Dare
deny the talent to govern the Republic? "

Charles-Louis Rey (pseud. Geronte Cadet) various Poems,

Nimes, at major booksellers, 1852.

Scott Kay Artiste Royal Collection

Crach'Festival

Under Crach'festival (music TransPédéGouines of 10 to 13 February 2011 in Toulouse), will host several workshops during the day, including a discussion on the management and care of sexual violence / intimate in our community. This will
Friday, February 11th, from 14h to 16h (Location TBA).
> more info here

Short Term Symptoms Of Syphilis

" Ten men were tied to the cannon's mouth ... " (The Lahore Chronicle, 1857)

Sepoys attached to the muzzle to be executed.

Original Gouache Orlando Norie (1832-1901). Al. Brown Univ.

"The Sepoys Insurgents in India have committed, as we know, horrendous atrocities. They killed not only their officers, but also women and children, with refinements of heinous barbarity. These atrocities certainly deserve severe repression. But this repression must it be borrowed from the old and barbaric act of retaliation? Because the Sepoys have deployed the ferocity of the tiger rebel against his captors, the English are allowed to deploy in turn equal ferocity? Bloodthirsty appetites of the tiger in India can they oppose those of unscrupulous British bulldog? This appears to be rather the opinion of Times and Morning Post which probably forgetting what they have branded the anathemas barbarous conduct of Colonel Pelissier, smoky tribute Arabs in caves Dahra like foxes in a den, recommend authorities of India to be ruthless towards sepoys revolted. The authorities in India do not seem all too willing to follow this advice in yielding to relentless retaliation. Here is the story of a terrible run which took place in Lahore, which has greatly gladden the heart of the writers, we would say the Bulldogs, and the Times the Morning Post :

"This morning said Chronicle Lahore, twelve of the rebels of the 45th regiment of native infantry were hanged. All available troops had been convened to witness the punishment. The prisoners, numbering twenty-four, were taken to the central square of troops, one of them had to be carried because he had undergone amputation of the left arm following a wound he received during the fight.

Lieutenant Hoogan by order of Brigadier Hinn, read out the ruling of the court martial that tried the insurgents. He then announced a reprieve for those who consent to disclosures. Twelve out of the ranks and were led behind the artillery. should indicate the ringleaders and disclose the causes and purpose of the unrest.

The twelve remaining convicts, among whom was the man with the amputated arm, climbed the ladder of a firm and without showing any emotion. The unfortunate man who had one arm, swung for a few minutes in a terrible agony: the node flowing which he was suspended had been properly fastened.

Ten rebels were then brought to the guns. While they removed their chains, some shouted: "Do not sacrifice the innocent for the guilty!" Two assistants replied: "Shut up, die like men and not cowards; you defended your religion, so why are you afraid to die?"

These ten men were attached to the muzzle. The commander X. .. then ordered to turn the locks, then he shouted: "Ready!" Fire! " and the drama was over.

This was a horrible sight, I was terrified, and all my neighbors were no less moved. All were trembling like leaves. I trust that the lesson is not lost. The men around the rooms were flooded with blood. One of them, among others, was stunned for a moment a blow he received from an arm torn off, thrown at him. "

These abominations that are the delight of Times and the Morning Post , do not meet, let us hasten to say, unanimous approval in England. Here, for example, how how Mr. Bright, the distinguished speaker of the League, which the voters of Birmingham come to restore his parliamentary seat, discusses the affairs of India, and with what high spirit of justice and humanity he showed hope that the punishment will be clean from any spirit of vengeance and cruelty.

"There is now a question that occupies and absorbs public attention: the revolt in India. While deploring this terrible event with the rest of my countrymen, I am perhaps less surprised that most of them. For twelve years I have occupied much of India.

Twice I met the Parliament of this country: one to request the appointment of a special commission, another to propose a royal commission, I took, in addition, active part in the discussion of the bill recently stolen, which continued the powers of the East India Company and before public meetings in several of our largest cities, to draw public interest on the great question of the government India.

The success of the insurgency would be anarchy in India, unless some great men out chaos, not founded a new empire based on military power. I am not prepared to defend the action by which England won domination of India, but out of consideration for the interests of India and England, I can not fight the action, as deemed necessary to remove existing disorders.

Restore Order in India is working in the interest of this country, but we would be gravely sinful if we neglect then measures should contribute to the welfare of his immense population.

I hope government actions will be pure spirit of vengeance and cruelty that we see in many island letters published in newspapers, and when the crisis is over, the men of lous business is England will combine their efforts to repair the damage by all the best. "

We are pleased to add after a French newspaper, that Lord Paumure, minister of war, blamed the carrying wild Lahore and gave orders that such atrocities not renewed. "

The Economist Belgian. Journal of economic and administrative reforms

(published by G. de Molinari), 3rd year, No. 24, August 20, 1857.

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"We must enact the right to work ... nothing more, nothing less" (E. Vermersch, 1871)

"Decide that you will take the workshops of bloody fools of bosses who buggered off! ...

Moving lieu thereof;

Their fuck a good grip on all their equipment ...

And it work for the good fellows of patriots who have all but one wish ...

fuck a burned these scoundrels of Versailles ... To go

then handle the file, the deck or the plane ...

Name of God!

That was good! ...

And I can not repeat too often citizens of the Hotel de Ville ...

That day,

To reward ...

I bought myself a nice little pint ...

Who me pleasantly tickled its throat

Name names! ...

But aside from that, do not say by what means we provide practical enough orders and enough sweat to work the machine,

And work the arms,

Name of God! That

evil! ...

And I am surprised that the citizens of the Commune members have not thought of that ...

Egad! me, I will not mince words to tell them their doing.

No citizen members,

You have not resolved the issue,

Fuck! ...

And I'll prove it ...

To make a stew,

What does it ...? Even

Republic ...

Hare! ...

Right? ...

Who is it who we fuck, then this hare?! Certainly these are not all crooks and black-capped rascals of aristocrats who preferred go address these bloody fools of the province to carry out their orders,

In these rural areas that do understand one thing ...

Living like bullies throughout their lives, amidst bloody fools that the revolutionary movement will fuck down ...

And who can qu'engueuler Parisians whenever they ask for reasonable things ...

Such as, for example:

The abolition of marriage, which is an affront to individual liberty, and immoral institution to the last degree;
The overthrow of militarism, which is an obstacle to the brotherhood of peoples;

The disruption of the things agreed Finally, the sentimental fool respect, and who have been imagined only by bloody fools who knew nothing at all to life.

Well!

Name of God!

Since all our Savoyard cowardly bourgeois buggered off to throw himself into the arms of these scoundrels of rural areas, which are only good to fuck their dirty wet blanket on the torch of Liberty every time we turn .. .

Why not we will arrange between us ...

Like good fellows are we? ...

fuck fuck! ...

And that's what I say

The open workshops that need?

Orders!

Well! name of God,

Again ...

It's simple ...

must declare the right to work.

The right to work.

Nothing more, nothing less,

Here's what I want.

Because this is only who can save us.

Because Duchêne son wants happiness of the people, and is satisfied that there is not a citizen in Paris who refused his assistance to such a principle.

The right to work! ...

's a skull idea!

Fuck! ...

Take as an example, the honorable corporation of citizens tinsmiths! ...

What is there to do? ...

Force all remaining patriots in Paris to order within twenty-four one cookware in whole, for those who do not - and another for those who already have one!

is no more difficult than that ...

I will not get a bath is a luxury! ...

And here is a corporation that works.

And other so! ...

And Paris in eight days, returns to the one ...

That is to say ...

The focus of the industry,

The mirror of the mind,

The first capital of Europe!

Come on, dammit!

Agreed,

If you want us out of molasses,

We must decree the right to work.

You must, you must,

Or

Citizen Member

You're under my ticket

In its next issue,

Duchêne's son would be able to fuck you angry cons .

And he would be sorry,

Name of God! "

Eugene Vermersch, "The right to work", The son of the Father Duchene: illustrated , No. 2, 6 Floreal year 79.

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"The money has conspired against the Republic and sentenced to misery" (Ch. Delescluze, 1848)

cartoon appeared in The Journal comic , December 1848.

" Hurrah! Hurrah! the stock is rising! Rejoice, lynx bank, knights of the slide, the hero of lansquenet, gentlemen of assizes! For ten months, you have meager fare, your teeth are elongated, but, as you will give heart joy, as the quarry is going to sound delicious! The stock is rising! Hurrah! Hurrah!

And you, credulous people, you will benefit from the lesson? We told you when the stock is rising is that the honor and dignity of the countries are falling. The day after Waterloo, while thirty thousand corpses lay in the French plains of Belgium, took over five percent favor, and you should now understand how you made a mistake by giving your vote to Mr. Bonaparte, who became the boss of 'speculation, the first day of his triumph!

After all, your wonderful instinct thee may be served; you wanted revenge on you and you want your revenge. Thanks to you, we are never issued for this coterie as ferocious selfish, who have long stifled the republic. Now the question is whether raising the bulwark of the emperor's nephew, you do not want to show the emptiness of all hereditary claims that threatened the republic.

But know, to successfully end this dangerous experiment, we must be vigilant at all times, ruthless logic. We must not falter or permit to carry affect your sovereign will.

The republic had promised equality, right to work comes from its beginning to the perfidious advice of the reaction, it gave you a little more misery than before, there adding, by way of compensation, force of guns and rifles. It always depends on you, despite the election of Mr. Bonaparte, that the republic pays the debts of the provisional government. To do this, you have only to want.

Among the competitors who competed your votes, you took one that offers were the most beautiful, and could most certainly get rid of M. Cavaignac. Confident as always, you gave your vote without requiring a deposit. May you do not experience another disappointment! You do not want more indirect contributions or grants, you want the right to live by working, you want your son are the only ones to pay the blood tax, you're tired of seeing your daughters used to debauchery idlers. You know there's wealth in the work, and you want your place in the banquet of equality. We promised you that, and those who came to beg your votes for their favorite, although promised t'eussent more ...

Now they are rubbing their hands and believe thee wrong. Show them that you took seriously the commitments they have made to you. It is through your work that crops grow in our fertile plains, the harvest that gild our hills; what are your strong arms that draw from the depths of the earth the riches that nature has placed on deposit, and whatever serves to and embellish life, to thee we owe, and yet die of cold and hunger from revenue earned by your sweat, thou hast no clothes and fabrics you have woven pile up in stores. You do not have a shelter to rest your tired body, and thou these buildings that students are the pride of our cities. It is time that the division of labor and product to become fair. It is your will, it is your right, it is your duty.

And we who have only one desire: to turn all children as brothers of the great French family, we beseech thee not to abandon your work. Do not let yourself be fooled by empty promises. You are still sovereign, you can order.

The joys of senior bank claims show clearly that the exploiters of yesterday have not renounced their guilty industry. We need the power of money and disappear before the bows of sovereignty work. Until now, money ruled the world, money has conspired against the Republic and sentenced to misery to punish you for your victory in February. Watch these merchants franc pieces that you can better spend their services so dearly paid, they can not do without your work. Men deeply committed to your cause, not lull yourself these empirical rhetoric to get litter your pain, but imbued with the need to accommodate the science and law to the necessities of the day, you will enable him to no longer resort to the patronage of usurious money sellers. Listen for their lessons, teach them that the laws of human solidarity is not a lie, ask the association and voluntary exchange means to meet your needs and your dedication to freedom. That done, you will become what you must be a creature of God.

However, remember that the republic is the essential form of equality human, and if ever a hand rose to touch the holy ark of the revolution, remember that you only need three days to fight and to defeat despotism in whatever form it presents itself.

Now lynx bank, knights of the slide, the hero of lansquenet, gentlemen of the court of assizes, make haste to enjoy the benefits of rising, your reign will not last long . Equal forward and soon you'll be forced to reckon with the work.

Delescluze Ch, editor. "

The democratic revolution and social , 1st year, No. 39, Friday, December 15, 1848.

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"Let the steam engines ... vivify our manufactures" (Acts Blanqui, 1825)

Colliery UK , anonymous, oil on canvas (1825),

Liverpool, Walker Art Society.

"The introductrion steam engines and their application to different slices of the industry, have caused a revolution so important in factories and in the arts, we believe that doing something nice for our readers presenting a clear and simple phenomena resulting This wonderful invention. We do not know in France that reputation, and they are just among us, as the mines of Mexico and Peru, which everyone talks about and few people have seen. When knowledge becomes more widespread, their benefits will be enjoyed mine and we may be asked in amazement, why France has only three or four hundred of these machines, while in England there are thousands. Offer first a brief description of the main unit.

He is having a large cylinder that receives a high piston the same diameter as the pressure pump. Steam is supplied by a large boiler, where it enters the cylinder through an opening that can be closed at will. The force of the steam (1) raises the piston which is fitted a long lever, which serves to move a pump, a crank, any mechanism. Reached a certain height, the piston opens the top of the cylinder, a valve that lets a small amount of cold water vapor is condensed at the moment, the vacuum occurs in the cylinder, and loaded piston to atmospheric pressure, goes down to be resubmitted to the action of steam. He rises and goes down well continuously with a force proportional to the quantity and tension of the steam is applied. A machine with a cylinder 30 inches in diameter and the piston hit seventeen rounds per minute, equivalent to the strength of 40 horses working day and night (2), and 11.000 pounds of coal consumed in twenty-four hours.

is now understood without difficulty the various applications of this powerful instrument: the lever adapted to the piston can move all kinds of mechanisms, from the simplest to the most complicated. The illustrious Watt, which England is grateful to erect a statue, is the first who given to the steam engine, the flexibility to derive such great service. It can look like in the real inventor. Before him, some more modern and old had seen the practical results of the blood steam, but it belongs to Watt all the honor of having applied mechanics and having armed the hand of man. We do not know what to admire most of the engineering or the patience of this useful citizen, when we study carefully the history of steam engines, I would gladly do my readers judge for themselves if the nature of this article forbade the purely technical details. Suffice it to say that when I speak, the power of the unit of Watt equivalent in England alone, the strength of 500,000 horsepower, or as Dr. Ure, five million men.

This prodigious machine, received today at a very high degree of accuracy, flexibility and accuracy, raising ships of the line used to build anchors, spinning cotton and silk embroidery muslin and shape all metals. Through it, the genius of man operates in the bowels of the earth his new conquests he braves the sea winds, and calm even the most formidable; it goes up the rivers faster, and it makes life countries the most disgraced of nature. Whole towns owe their existence mowing Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Preston, Glasgow are there to attest. America gets surprised with what this transport of the ancient world: the Mississippi, Ohio, Chesapeake, and even the Orinoco, have been published on their shores.

I hear sometimes that the industry and stifle the mechanics of poetry and have nothing seductive charm attached to great things. Is it not a beautiful sight to see a steamship, excited by fire, and like a living being, when advances majestically on the crest of waves, and that brave, leaning on her swift wings, their impotent fury! have we not expressions to create, to paint the tanks moving in obedience to that chariot and drags them to guide them, tracing their path a trail of smoke! And what does it take to get these wonders? a little water, a cylinder, and a few levers! When we reflect that with these limited resources, we managed to increase production in an almost unlimited distances that brought the most significant, and prepared to humanity entire future softer, happier lives, is there nothing in all this that can make the heart beat of a poet!

Seen in a more severe, the results of the discovery of Watt confirm this fine aphorism of Bacon: knowledge is power . Indeed, the steam seems intended to balance the influence of big warships: it will escape their heavy laborers, and make their escape in case of defeat, extremely difficult. She has stolen their thunder, as Franklin grabbed the fire from heaven, and we can also say of Watt, he wrested the scepter from tyrants, since it will have made the open seas. His all-powerful device already offers the industry of all nations communications quick and easy, we need only follow with the eye of the magnificent cruise ships that cross between London and Calais, Le Havre and Southampton, Brighton and Dieppe for judge the future by the present. Soon on these wonderful boats, the Swiss will visit England and the Hanseatic cities: they will say the port of Basel as they say the port of Bristol and one in Hamburg; we sail on the Rhine, as we walk by steamboat on lakes of the Alps, Scotland and America.

Let us make haste; share with our neighbors to the legacy of Watt. The discoveries of genius are the heritage of mankind as a whole: the great French family have more rights than any other, she has produced many men of genius. That the steam engines do not run only on the Seine, from Paris to St. Cloud to entertain our idle capital, they enliven our factories, our mines so rich and so poorly managed and that our workers do know them, and reason about their construction, as they do every day in England and Scotland, and we shall soon see the less populous districts of France, covering a happy inhabitants. Sologne, Les Landes, Auvergne, departments that lack of rivers to their factories, where their roads to markets, reborn in the industry, and we will draw some advantage from the immortal discovery, through which the English, for the only help of machines currently operating in their country have proven that they could move the pyramids of Egypt in less than five hours! "

Adolphe Blanqui," On the influence of steam on the public prosperity, "The Producer newspaper industry, Science and Fine Arts , Volume I, Paris, 1825.

____________________ (1) We know that this force is due to the vapor tension that seeks to occupy a space ten -seven hundred times greater than that of water from which it emanates.
(2) That is to say, 120 horses working eight hours a day.

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"The serfs ... do not whisper, he seemed resigned to whatever happens to them" (A. Lestrelin, 1861)

Russian Peasants in the tavern, aquerelle Carl Ivanovich, St. Petersburg, 1817.

Coll. Brown Univ.

"The Russian serfs were generally good, hospital, subject to their lords, and despite the abuse they were overwhelmed with impunity, they remain attached to their masters. If sometimes they rebel, is that their patience was put to severe tests, but before they come to this end, they bear many sufferings with resignation. [...] If we look at the downside, the serfs are careless, lazy, liars and prone to drunkenness. They were slaves to the particular defects, which can have no other desire than their master, who must always cringe to brutal force which makes industrial machinery, they dare not afford the slightest observation, and they are forced to do everything they are commanded.

Lords usually accuse their peasants to be thieves. Admittedly, they are thieves, but in all cases, are honest thieves, for they only take things of first necessity: fodder for their horses, grass for their cows or wood for heating. Finally they seek to capture what is missing the needs of their poor household, they would never steal money or effects.

Moreover, these diversions are almost always committed by peasants extremely unfortunate that push out all the horrors of the distress, for the serfs who enjoy some comfort, that is to say that harvest enough wheat to feed their families and enough fodder for their cattle, never make it guilty of petty theft. [...]

Flights from horses, the rest are rare in Russia, are the result of nomadic gypsies who roam inside. Also denies them do we still allowed to stay in villages, and when you see them settle in the surrounding fields, all peasants stand on their guard, for it must be said that, unable to steal horses, robbing these gypsies very adroitly backyard, but they rarely dare enter the huts and even less in the mansions.

Hospitality is a virtue that modern Russians have inherited from their ancestors. A serf never refuse a piece of bread to the poor who asks charity, he gives even a bed for the night. We know that the nobility, especially that of the province, still retains the old habits of hospitality. Formerly, each villager left the door open to his cottage in his absence, and before leaving his house, he put on the table bread and salt, so that the traveler who stood with him could eat and rest. But since the wars of 1812, soldiers who travel alone have become very looters, so the peasants they now close the door of their cottage when they went away. However they have not stopped doing charity to the poor and provide hospitality to travelers.

The character of the peasants is generally melancholy. Their joy is never noisy, and their songs are tinged with sadness. In the intoxication even brightens their foreheads do not. Regardless of their expansive nature, the serfs are focusing their anger, they do not whisper, they seem resigned to whatever happens to them. Nothing surprises them, do not surprise, they must obey: they obey!

The Russian peasant is very patient and he endured great suffering before the idea of revenge, but the day he took this resolution, nothing stops him! The knout , exile in Siberia does not frighten him. To achieve his goal, he would face death!

In a village belonging to one of our parents, farmers got rid of three stewards in space a year. The first was drowned in a pond, the second was attached to the wing of a mill where it was allowed to run until death ensued, and the third was hit eleven axes. [...] Nevertheless, we affirm that there is more to thoughtlessness than malice, more stupidity than cruelty in their actions. They are often influenced by their superstitious ideas. Here's an example:

The priests, preaching in their churches, in 1812, a crusade against the French, had come to persuade people that the military campaign Napoleon was composed as heretics.

- "Do not talk to a French! Them they said, they are all devils. They did not sign before the churches, and bear no holy images to their necks. You can kill them and are the enemies of Russia and the Orthodox religion. "

If this preaching in the villages earlier this fatal campaign, we should imagine what we have said on seeing desecrate the churches: for it is only too true that we do not adhere. It has made stores, ambulances and even stables, and it was a very big mistake to attack religious beliefs of a superstitious people, for the day when they desecrated the churches, it incurred the hatred of an entire nation.

Farmers have told us, qu'excitées by priests, their wives bought French prisoners at Cossacks responsible for these unfortunate result in the interior of the country. To this end, they clubbed them, one French haggled his good looks, and paid from March to April Petak (the Petak worth 15 cents). So the poor prisoner became the mouse in the claws of the cat. We played with him, then killed him. There were being thrown into wells, other it was roasting in the oven, sometimes they were buried up to their shoulders and his head served to children who were above the village with stones. Sometimes they are dying eyes, and enlivened the crowd flips that were unhappy when walking.

It happened that the Britons, Spaniards and Italians have been preserved these horrible punishments because they were wearing scapulars. The presence of a cross or a medal of St. did stop these barbaric amusements. Then the prisoner escaped death, we fed him and it made him the first Cossacks who passed through the village.

noted that men do not always participate in these cruelties, of course, if these people and the prisoners had been able to understand such atrocities would not have occurred.

Since that time the disastrous intelligence of farmers has developed a little by the force of things. Although outside of the wheel of new ideas, their eyes already spotted the light of civilization, and in some provinces emancipation is, at this moment, the only focus of the peasants.

Twenty years ago, and even the death of Emperor Nicolas, the serfs were no strong position on freedom. This magic word, commented by heavy heads of the place, is summed up in their minds: a free man is excused from all work and his Lord must feed.

As the word freedom was never mentioned by their master, who had an interest not to illuminate its meaning, these poor wandering encrusted conjecture to conjecture, and each of them hoped to be able to live according tastes, without even thinking of the necessities of material life. [...]

History shows us the Russian people devoted any time to drink. Whence comes this degrading habit? Is it to warm his frozen limbs by excessive cold? Is it to get drunk in the oblivion of its misery and its brutalizing slavery?

already

Looking further back, we see Ivan III, was forced to give very strict laws to curb the drunkenness of the inhabitants of Moscow and the countryside. Later, Boris Godunov suppressed a large number of cabarets in the city of Moscow is not only drank, but they were still places of corruption and debauchery. Women into prostitution for a few drinks water spirits, the children of the boyars, the musketeer, the Cossacks were mingled with the menu-people. They played with dice and games of chance, then when the heads were heated, it was rare that the insults and beatings were not completing these tumultuous gatherings. From this, one can imagine what was happening in the towns and villages, where the Lord protects those selling liquors they reported big profits.

long been the crown has appropriated this branch of industry and the Russian nobles have no right to manufacture and sell water-to-life in their villages. Thanks This measure greatly reduces drunkenness and, moreover, farmers who operate the business of water of life throughout the empire, adding such a large proportion of water in their liquor, he must absorb a large amount to get drunk. Farmers also drink so many glasses of water spirits before they head to their door.

added that the Russian cabarets have something repulsive. It's a dirty room, infects, which is not always boarded and in which there is neither table to put his glass, or bench to sit. Farmers eat standing on a small board placed at a counter, whereby the tenant spends his goods at the same time that the consumer gives him his money give and take. And the innkeeper lets practices insulting each other and fighting at their ease, that is where civilization is in the villages. [...]

It is customary for slaves to marry a property between them and the Lord rarely refuses such unions, but if a farmer from another area just ask a girl for marriage , it is almost always denied, because it is a loss to the Lord, because this girl has its intrinsic value and therefore it belongs to the owner of her husband who would count among his slaves. One often sees in the villages of marital unions between boys and sixteen girls from twelve to thirteen. The Orthodox Church tolerates these weddings so slightly Asian, and the government there is no obstacle, since the taxpayer is married to the crown in his capacity as head of house on the lord he wins over a laborer .

These associations then are usually arranged by parents of the newlyweds. Love has nothing to do, husband does not seek to enforce its rights in this age. From the standpoint of morality, we blame this use, and it will be our view, remembering that the whole family indiscriminately and without regard to sex, lie on the platform of the furnace where the severe cold forced the crowd during the winter. However, it almost always happens that the bride is the victim of brutal instincts of the parents of her husband, and she is the woman in the world before becoming his.

Say again, to complete the picture outrageous that soldiers in cantonment sleep with the family, and they are not scruple to appropriate the wife and daughters of peasants among whom they stay. Then there are officers who do not mind a pretty face, and then again the lord steward and may order that we dare not reject. Certainly, a girl must have the property under pegged in the heart to stay good in the midst of the depravity that surrounds him as a child! Yet he would encounter, we have known who preferred to suffer corporal punishment, rather than pandering to the steward of their village. However, there are some who sell their favors 20 cents, while others who call themselves when they did take a few glasses of water spirits. And then there are those who enjoy all the strength of their souls, but they never effusion, gaiety, or momentum. In happiness and in suffering, they are always melancholy and sad.

The boys are even more apathetic than girls. Their eyes do not animate, their mouth is silent with a woman, even if their bride. They are invariably quiet and phlegmatic. What is surprising is that after marriage they are no more resourceful than before, even when they marry at the age when a man understands the document he has made.

In Russia, the existence of the villagers is very varied. Sundays and holidays, the girls gather in the main street of the village form a circle by holding hands and sing those old melodies Little Russia, generally very monotonous. The boys do not mix readily with these insipid round that no gaiety comes to animate.

[...] ... we not fear to say that Russia is a country sad, both in appearance only by the monotonous character of its inhabitants: we are not talking about the nobility. The winter evenings in the villages, have no animation, never a laugh is heard not. Women have no enthusiasm in their conversation. They spin silently, while the girls paint their hemp jeui.es singing a plaintive tone.

And then the room which meet the women of the village is barely lit. The candle is a luxury item among all the peasants, they light up with small strips of fir. These small strips, very thin, light one end, while the opposite end is placed in an iron clamp attached to the end of a sort of tripod that is in the middle of the room. The lath that is consumed is replaced by another latte, and so on. This fixture is inexpensive, but requires the continuous presence of a person to maintain it.

Not only the farmer is routine, but he is superstitious, as could be convinced by the details we have given on his character and manners. Formerly, when he wanted to build a cottage, he placed a piece of bread in the place where he intended to build it. After a while, he would see if the dogs had eaten he found his piece of bread was a good omen: the location should be favorable to him. Otherwise he abandoned the place, convinced that it would be fatal. Yet this ancient superstition has had to yield to the will of the Emperor Alexander 1, which ordered that the houses were aligned in all the villages on major roads.

As we see, we need an iron hand to rule the Russian people, whenever the Tsars want to take a step forward towards progress and civilization, they are forced to use their omnipotence to overcome old prejudices of their people.

Yet this task would have been less difficult if the lords remained in daily contact with their serfs, had sought to enlighten them. But the nobility never thought that his personal interest, not seriously address the plight of its farmers. "

Achilles Lestrelin, The Russian peasants: their customs, manners, character, religion

superstitions and the rights of the nobles over their serfs , Paris, E. Dentu, 1861.